Most
women can wait three to five years between Pap tests to screen for cervical
cancer, according to guidelines released Monday by the American College of
Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG).
The recommendations fall in line with two
separate sets of guidelines released earlier this year - one by the American
Cancer Society and other medical groups, and another from the U.S. Preventive
Services Task Force, a government-backed panel. All of the new recommendations
mark a further shift away from annual Pap testing, which was once the standard
advice. Now ACOG and the other groups
say most women ages 21 to 29 should have a Pap test no more than every three
years. For women ages 30 to 65, the best option is to have a Pap test, along
with a test for human papillomavirus (HPV), every five years; otherwise, a Pap
test alone every three years is "acceptable." "Women can feel
very comfortable with this," said Dr. David Chelmow, referring to the
longer interval between Pap tests. "The bottom line is, this is
enough." Chelmow, who heads obstetrics and gynecology at Virginia
Commonwealth University in Richmond, led the development of the ACOG
guidelines.
Cervical cancer is caused by long-term
infection with certain types of HPV, a virus that causes warts, including
genital warts. But there are over 100 strains of HPV, and only some are linked
to cervical cancer. And even among women infected with those strains, only a
limited number will develop cervical cancer.
The
Pap test is done to look for abnormalities in cervical cells that may or may
not become cancer. The HPV test helps refine things by showing whether a woman
has a strain linked to cervical cancer. But women younger than 30 should not
have the HPV test, Chelmow said. That's because women that age commonly carry
the virus, but for a relatively short time before the immune system wipes it
out. So testing young women would largely catch short-lived HPV infections that
would not contribute to cancer later. "HPV testing just won't work well
for women in that age group," Chelmow said. All of the new guidelines, he
noted, are aimed at giving women and doctors clearer direction on how often to
do cervical cancer screening. "They're also aimed at avoiding
over-testing," Chelmow said. The downside with any cancer screening is
that tests can pick up possible abnormalities where there are none. And that
leads to unnecessary - sometimes invasive - follow-up tests, anxiety and
healthcare costs.
Traditionally, Pap tests were done yearly. But
more recently, doctors have been recommending longer intervals to avoid
over-screening. The previous ACOG recommendation had been for women ages 21 to
29 to have a Pap test every two years; for women ages 30 to 65, the interval
was every three years, if their last three tests had been negative. Chelmow
said these new recommendations are "much clearer." Women younger than
21 should not be screened for cervical cancer at all, according to ACOG and the
other groups.That's because the cancer is rare at that age, while abnormalities
in cervical cells are common. But all women, Chelmow said, should keep having
an annual "well woman" check-up - which includes general health
checks, like having your blood pressure and cholesterol measured. That's
despite one recent review from the Cochrane Library that found regular
check-ups weren't likely to be helpful for healthy people.
There
is now a vaccine against HPV, and women who've gotten it may wonder if they
need cervical cancer screening. The answer is yes, Chelmow said. "They
should follow the same screening recommendations as everyone else." The
two vaccines used in the U.S. guard against only two cancer-causing strains of
HPV. Those two strains account for about 70 percent of all cervical cancers -
which means that even vaccinated women, can still develop the cancer. The
American Cancer Society estimates that about 12,200 U.S. women will be
diagnosed with cervical cancer this year, and 4,200 will die from the disease.
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